Hmmm... How about a one's complement system? For example if A owed B 24 dollars, A would wear the bands 1100111 = -24 and B would wear 0011000 = 24. This way, they would only need 7 bands between the two of them, yet each person would know how much they owed or were owed. Also, no matter the balance, each of the bands would be worn by one of them, so there would be no need to carry around extra bands.