There was bowery.io, they even raised money, they seemingly disappeared [1].
There is also the nix-shell tool from Nix [2] which work great for python, haskell and golang (at least on Linux) but can get very hairy for node and ruby (not only Nix's fault).
I am also working on Pipez [3], which tries to solve a similar problem for frontend development.
[1] http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/21/bowery-io-wants-to-configu...