I'd like to add Roger Labbe's free book "Kalman and Bayesian Filters in Python" to the mix. Along with Thrun (which he cited to point me at), this is the resource that finally drove it home for me.
https://github.com/rlabbe/Kalman-and-Bayesian-Filters-in-Pyt...
For people wondering about application, one of the popular recent uses is for sensor fusion in virtual reality.