Buttons and shirts: I sew.

Shoes need heavy-duty (compared to a needle) equipment to fix, so they go in the garbage or get taken to a shoemaker.

If it's a good shoe, I take it to a cobbler. But shoe repair requires more tools and expertise than reattaching a button.

Two-part epoxy.

Same as for button repairs and trouser cuffs repairs and so on, I bring it to the shop down the street where they fix it perfectly for less than 3$... (Living in China is great for that)