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I don't think it would be catastrophic, unless these children spend 90% of their time playing VR games. I would expect it to be similar to exposing a child to a second language. If you replace their exposure to the previous language completely with the new one, their proficiency at the first one will suffer but if you provide enough time for both, the brain will improve in both.

why would an adult who grew up with normal vision be able to adjust to something else but not the opposite?

Adjusting to the inability to focus is different from learning to focus. Like the jellyfish who can't orient themselves properly if they were born in zero gravity [1].

http://www.businessinsider.com/space-born-animals-adjust-to-...

I have a PHD in small children vision, I concur.