Female Mathematician's Program to Solve Fermat's Last Theorem: Almost Lost to History

Well, no. While the term "female mathematician" is oddly dismissive, Sophie Germain is nevertheless famous mainly because she was a woman who did mathematics. This isn't to diminish her remarkable achievements in the face of entrenched sexism, but she was hardly a great mathematician.

In fact, I'd hazard to guess that a plausible list of the 100 greatest mathematicians and theoretical physicists (for most of history there was little distinction between the two) would contain at most two women (Emmy Noether and Maria Goeppert Mayer). I have a theory about why this is the case, but this comment box is too small to contain it.