As someone who is fascinated by articles like this one, but doesn't have a background in CE/EE, any recommendations for literature/classes I could take so that I can better understand the topics being discussed?
It's a good mix between high-level and highly-detailed.
It does have a brief introduction on some of the basic execution fundamentals but then it jumps right in, so you will probably need some external introduction if you are not generally familiar with the topic.
1. https://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Fifth-Quantitat...
2. https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Machine-Introduction-Microproc...
Albeit, slightly older and very technical.
Charles Petzold's "Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software" is also well regarded, but is aimed more at non-technical people.