1. Start here https://developer.atlassian.com/jiradev/getting-started/gett...
2. Install the SDK (it has some pre-reqs) and build Hello World https://developer.atlassian.com/docs/getting-started/set-up-...
3. Bone up on Plugins2 a bit more https://developer.atlassian.com/jiradev/jira-platform/buildi...
4. API Reference https://developer.atlassian.com/jiradev/jira-apis (I recommend the REST APIs + Webhooks wherever possible).
I'm really keen to talk with you about your experience going through that - there's a lot of history and we're aware we need to clean up the journey.
_* If you were developing for JIRA Cloud you'd be using Atlassian Connect.