Technically, the Common Lisp standard leaves it up to the implementation what to do with type declarations--in practice, I get compile time warnings for violating them (as well as for violating inferred types). Type declarations will not lead to runtime checks, you need to use CHECK-TYPE or similar for that.

Typed Racket is more extensive and gives errors at compile time. I don't know very much about how it works in Clojure.

In a Typed Racket program that does not import any untyped racket code, there is no runtime enforcement. Runtime contracts are only introduced at the boundary between typed and untyped code. This allows programs to be soundly transitioned from untyped to partially typed to fully typed.