Can't say I learned much useful from getting (most of) a CS degree. I dropped out to get a programming job, which was much more useful :)

So good news: you didn't necessarily miss very much. Get a basic algorithms/data structures book and skim it, and you're good to go.

But like all programmers there's lots more to learn, and mostly you will learn it on the job from coworkers. Things like testing and API design and performance analysis.

http://sijinjoseph.com/programmer-competency-matrix/ is useful (you don't need to be top at all of it, though!) but leaves out a lot of important skills.