This is a little long to commit to close reading. Summary, anyone?
It's heavy reading, I don't know why it's getting upvoted here.
Advocacy?
Does anyone know as much as the contractor who made their house? Then why don't houses crumble, long after they are built?
A free market would have various accrediting bodies, and doctors would advertise the quality of their accreditation as evidence of their skills and qualification.
Accreditation bodies may be able to determine whether a doctor is knowledgeable; whether they overprescribe placebos to an individual patient to increase their revenue is significantly more difficult and resource-intensive to evaluate. And homeopaths and faith healers have accreditation bodies too.
One thing that could be done is to open up all data hospitals and doctors have about their success rates and other quality numbers, also prices. Then a lot of people could crunch these numbers and make sense of them.
This is actually an example of market distortion.
For me, I view the use of "Free markets" to be implied uses of "competitive markets" and Perfect Competition is defined as follows:
> the situation prevailing in a market in which buyers and sellers are so numerous and well informed that all elements of monopoly are absent and the market price of a commodity is beyond the control of individual buyers and sellers.
An accrediting body (of any type) is a symptom of a market where buyers are not (and perhaps cannot) be well informed enough to make decisions that maximize their utility/benefit.
Now you might think, at this point, that's ridiculous! No one can be well informed about every potential market decision they make in their lives. And you would be right, this is why it's an unachievable ideal:
> Though there is no actual perfectly competitive market in the real world, a number of approximations exist [2]
Moreover, there exist market externalities whose burdens aren't appropriately placed on the responsible actor. The classic example is pollution, which can often be modeled as a social cost rather than a supplier cost [3].
Now accrediting bodies and government regulation can be good steps at correcting these distortions, but they aren't perfect...as anyone who has hired a licensed contractor and gotten poor results can attest.
> Then why don't houses crumble, long after they are built?
There is a lot of government regulation that tries to correct for this. But even then, a lot of homes have significant issues despite things such as home inspectors, building permits, contract licenses etc. My parent's fairly expensive home, for instance, had a chimney that was nailed to their roof and ended up falling over in a windy storm causing roof and water damage. The house was new construction, inspected, and part of a large development.
But a lot of government regulation is actually an argument in support of the points made in this publication...as it means that the market was not suitable to laissez-faire handling [4].
[1] https://www.google.com/search?q=perfect+competition&oq=perfe...
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire
Edit: I am moving fast and simplifying significantly, but I would be happy to address follow up questions/go into more detail if interested. But, as a disclaimer, I am far from an expert...I just have a limited understanding of some precious few Economic fundamental concepts.
Desperate people seek out cures. In the old days they gave money to the church for miracles. In the 19th century they bought patent medicines, which at best were cocktails of opiates and alcohol and at worst were cheap whisky. Google the "Duffy Malt Whisky" company. In the 21st century, we have homeopathic quackery and supplements.
The sober advice of accrediting boards is always defeated by the silver tounge of advertising and marketing. Only government has the power to address this.
A better example might be something like... rock climbing gear, maybe? It's hard to come up with things that are both life-critical and unregulated, whether because regulations are necessary or because government likes interfering.
People pay about $3000 for health care in the us, per year. people pay $750 for medicare. To be fair, half is by the employee, half is by the employer, so let's say $1500, because theoretically you would make more if the employer didn't have to pay that tax. On the flip side, high paying jobs, the employer pays the lion's share of health insurance premiums - but let's just ignore that.
Old people (medicare patients) get sick all the time. Heart attacks, cancer, whatever. Young people rarely get sick, but there are more young people - perhaps 15,000,000 70-74 year olds, and perhaps 21,000,000 20-24 year olds. If the cost of medicare for everyone is less than $3500, it's cheaper to just cover everyone at some basic level via medicare.
Very few 22 year olds get cancer. It's expensive. lots of 72 year olds get cancer. That is also expensive. Medicare pays for the expensive part of people's lives (the end of their lives). I'm pretty sure if the medicare tax rate doubled, 3% to 6%, $1500 to $3000 it'd still be cheaper than what we're doing now.
I dunno. It's late. It's a complicated topic. I have no problems with well off people paying a whole lot to get special care, extra insurance, or whatever. I think it would be a good thing for people who get in car accidents, have heart attacks, or get cancer to know they're not financially ruined.
It's nothing more than a linear programming problem. Right now people pay X. If everyone was taxed more they would pay Y. If Y < X, we should do Y. If not, what we have now is the best we can do. So be it.
This depends on whether you're fine with some people subsidizing other people. The average cost by forcing everyone to get insured is less because you're forcing some people to buy plans for whom it's not worth it. See adverse selection.
This is called insurance. Historically some deeply religious groups were opposed to insurance, because they felt it was gambling.
> he average cost by forcing everyone to get insured is less because you're forcing some people to buy plans for whom it's not worth it.
It's really a timeframe question. A 20 year old, generally, needs less care than a 50 year old, who needs less care than an 80 year old. one approach is to provide lifetime care, and hope that technology improves (as it has for all of human history) and assert that care today for an 80 year old will be less expensive in 10 years than it is today.
Now, of course, actual payments for health care is more expensive year to year, because, as you say, adverse selection.
In any case, as you point out adverse selection (the problem of information asymmetry) means the payer must be as knowledgeable as the payee. An obvious solution (but maybe not the best solution) is something like medicare.
I'm not sure i understand what you're advocating. Perhaps you mean each person should set aside some portion of their cash for whatever expenses they might have, and the odd 20 year old with leukemia should take on a few hundred thousand dollars of debt. of course if you're unlucky enough to have one of those 10% survival variations, the cost will of course be multiplied out by 10.
The average american only makes about $2,000,000 over their lives, and they have to eat and have a place to live and stuff, and only half will beat the average, what sort of return could an actual care provider expect? perhaps $200,000? So your model becomes pretty clear, if cost to treat @ 18 > $200,000, the person shouldn't be treated. That number will change with education, but of course decline with age.
Seems like not a good solution, but i see where you're coming from.
No. I'm saying it's a subsidy NOT because randomly you roll the dice of risk and you get lucky; but because the expected value or utility of health risks is less than the cost of insurance (for example, you wouldn't buy health insurance for 1 billion dollars a month).
I'm not saying it's a subsidy because some people don't end up "using" their insurance plan; I'm saying if you repeat the scenario a billion time healthy people will be on average worse off so it's a subsidy. They wouldn't take the insurance unless government forces them.
> I'm not sure i understand what you're advocating. Perhaps you mean each person should set aside some portion of their cash for whatever expenses they might have, and the odd 20 year old with leukemia should take on a few hundred thousand dollars of debt. of course if you're unlucky enough to have one of those 10% survival variations, the cost will of course be multiplied out by 10.
I didn't advocate anything; I'm just saying the issue is a normative question; it doesn't have an absolutely objective answer.
Sidenote: maybe the 20 year old should be in debt. If we want to save as many lives as possible, it's cheaper to put money into clean water, stopping open defecation, vaccines, etc (depends on whether you value someone outside your country as much as someone inside).
The leukemia case is convenient for your viewpoint but what about nonsmokers subsidizing smokers? Should I have to pay for the treatment of the cancer of a smoker or the AIDS of someone who injected drugs or the measles of someone didn't take vaccines?
It's a normative question on altruism.
This is needed exposure for a lot of the libertarians that populate hacker news.
>... Arrow’s paper, which endorses the view that “the laissez-faire solution for medicine is intolerable,” is widely considered to have founded the field of health care economics, and continues to be celebrated, especially by those to the left of center.
http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/01/america_...
Another thing that could drop the costs is the elimination or reduction of medical quotas and medical licenses. Those two are easier and smaller to solve than full welfare, which considering the us system, could be really expensive to implement.