You could start by reading the dev guide from the top: http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-is-android.ht....
You should read the Activity lifecycle some ten times at least: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity..... To avoid countless headaches at the beginning, clamp your app to only portrait or only landscape mode if it makes sense.
Also read over the Intents doc a number of times as they are another crucial part of the system: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/intents/intents-fi....
The Android SDK contains various samples that will get your going quickly.
Having a G1 to test with is a good idea. They are painfully slow, so if you get the G1 right, everybody else will be happy. Quick stat: devices by platform: http://developer.android.com/resources/dashboard/platform-ve....
Designing the interface layout is pretty painless. The framework is well thought out.