I have read the deeplearning book and I think it's great that you know Yarin. His PhD thesis is the closest thing to a survey paper on uncertainty in Deep Learning. I also think that while the original dropout paper is nice, Yarin's paper extends this method in a very useful manner.
Now, let me address your other points:
1. This is not for people who want to get started in deep learning. Or it could be. Do you know how I got started into mathematics?
2. The dubious neuroscience connection isn't dubious at all. In particular, I would also advise that you read 'Towards an integration of deep learning and neuroscience' by Marblestone et al. If you still disagree, I could assure you that Dr Kriegeskorte, Konrad Kording, Professor Bengio and many others are of a different opinion.
Furthermore, the language of statistical learning has shown its limitations. Consider Srivastava's paper on Locally Competitive Networks and every other paper on deep rectifier networks for example. As the complexity of deep models approach those of biological systems, I have no doubt we'll be using similar tools to understand these models.
fyi: I'm currently working on deep rectifier networks.
Aidan