You've described a unikernel. Check out MirageOS and HaLVM; they're very similar to what you've described.

One interesting thing I've noticed about these kernels is their tendency for full-stack language integration a la Lisp machines and Lisp OSes like Genera. For example, Mirage integrates strongly with programs written in OCaML (the home page describes the project as a "library operating system") and HaLVM with Haskell. A quick search shows unikernels for Golang (Clive) and JS (Runtime.js) as well.