Without dedicated bike lanes, a reduction in lane size is bad enough (it is hard to share the roads when there is no road to share). Add in drivers trying to swerve around bicyclists (a really dangerous action on icy roads), and you have a recipe for accidents.
As this article points out, advanced planning is key. But convincing Canadians (in places like Manitoba), who have very low population density and very far stretches of road to build/maintain, to sacrifice infrastructure dollars for bike lanes would be a tough political move. Finland is about half the size of Manitoba and has 4x the population. That's an 8x spending advantage in terms of roads!
Europeans have a much easier time with infrastructure than Canada (and the US to a lesser extent) because of significantly higher population density. I know I'd love to have European-style infrastructure, but it just isn't practical.
Personally, I wouldn't feel safe riding a bicycle in the winter. Not with our roads.