https://www.refsmmat.com/notebooks/pedagogy.html
The Peer Instruction section features a great deal of research in introductory physics courses, where well-implemented active learning methods can double or triple student learning of core concepts. (I also blogged about this research long ago: https://www.refsmmat.com/posts/2012-10-19-shutup.html)
Students in intro physics classes tend to memorize the formulas but don't have any conceptual understanding, and active learning seems to dramatically improve the conceptual understanding without harming the ability to solve typical calculate-the-force problems.
Happy to discuss or send PDFs if you're not able to obtain them. My email is in my profile.
The point of lectures were to lay the groundwork for the active learning component. Without that foundation, the students would have been forced to find other means to acquire background knowledge.
tl;dr:
> Without that foundation, the students would have been forced to find other means to acquire background knowledge.
You say that like it's a bad thing.
While those are fine modes for learning, lectures do have the benefit of being a social mode of learning. Even in the extreme case of a lecturer who is playing the role of a sage on the stage, students still have access to other students. In less extreme cases, students still have access to the lecturer and the lecturer has the opportunity to include different instructional strategies. In other words, the benefits and drawbacks of lectures largely depend upon the attitudes of the instructor and students.
The problem, up until the advent of MOOCs, was there was no incentive for higher education to improve. Prices go up every year, more instruction is dumped on post-docs and adjuncts instead of professors, but the number of people going to college continues to increase. Why improve your product if people keep buying it regardless?
And this idea of active learning is nothing new. Maria Montessori did extensive research on effective teaching methods more than a hundred years ago and moved more and more heavily to small projects and physical interaction as the most effective means of instruction.
http://www.infomontessori.com/sensorial/visual-sense-binomia...
I happen to like the binomial cube as an example, because it takes a confusing, "just memorize FOIL" type of concept and turns it into something you can directly interact with to develop a much clearer understanding.
And of course, there's things like this: https://xkcd.com/1356/
Or the explorable explanation that was on the front page the other day about game theory and trust: http://ncase.me/trust/
Or Brett Victor's classic Up and Down the Ladder of Abstraction: http://worrydream.com/LadderOfAbstraction/
The ability to interact with a model blows traditional educational methods out of the water as far as gaining serious understanding (imo), and I expect this type of instruction to only grow in importance as time goes on.
One nice thing about VR/AR for education, is that different media have different "it's natural" styles of use, and for XR, that's hands-on physical manipulation of models.