Uh... does this list of "languages that compile to Javascript" count? :) https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/list-of-langu...
More specifically, Emscripten seems to be exactly what you're describing: https://github.com/kripken/emscripten
More specifically, Emscripten seems to be exactly what you're describing: https://github.com/kripken/emscripten
I was thinking more along the lines of how a compiler works, translating into some kind of AST and then converting into JS from the AST.
While I haven't looked at the implementations of any of those compilers, I would assume that most of them do actually parse their source language into an appropriate AST, and write out JS based on that AST.