Thinking implies language. Without language it is feeling. Period.
Learning from experience, map making and even planning, as one might see in case of machine learning and other branches of AI, does not require thinking. It is a lower level of activity, relative to abstract reasoning, like pattern recognition.
1. have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something.
2. direct one's mind toward someone or something; use one's mind actively to form connected ideas
Neither seems to mention language as a pre-requisite. In any case, you seem to have strong beliefs contrary to my understanding of animal research, so I will not bother you further.
Have a good day.
Just plain incorrect. I will now present as much evidence for my statement as you presented for yours:
As you can see, it's a pretty ineffective technique and since you're starting from the overwhelming minority position, you're going to have to do a lot better.
Everything I'm saying here comes across as passive-aggressive childish bullshit, but in this case it's also true.
To ask "what animals are thinking" is exactly the same as to ask "what a self-driving car or a smartphone are thinking".
In the huge space of all possible kinds of cognition, humans have only ever occupied the tiniest sliver. There's modes of thought out there that we can't conceive of.
You mean like the patterns the puffer fish creates to attract mates?