About B12: It is produced in human and animal gut by bacteria that is present in soil. The B12 in our gut is too far down to be injected. This bacteria needs the mineral cobalt. See [1][2][3]
I was also surprised to learn that there is no religious "mandate" of sacrificing animals. See the Vegan Muslim Initiative [4]. I have not yet researched what the other religions say about the killing of animals.
I am of the opinion that even if a religious book were to deem it acceptable to kill animals, we today have the means to live off plants and the awareness and experience to know that various animals are sentient. We can continue to put ourselves first without requiring that we take an animal's life for this.
[1] https://www.riseofthevegan.com/blog/b12-is-not-just-a-vegan-... [2] https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/... [3] https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/... [4] https://veganmuslims.com