Sometimes the tests are given not by the teacher himself but by the state/school or some other third party and the teacher has a feeling of “In it together” with the students by helping them out a bit. They understand that its not the most important subject in the lives of the students and rotte memorization will not help them that much anyway.
There’s also a saying that cheating encourages teamwork. I’ve had a biolagy teacher (In a programming-oriented school) actually assign us into teams for the exams where we were encouraged to specialize and devide our learning so we could better “solve” the exam. She knew that people were not there for her subject anyway, and wanted us to learn actual practical skills - and in so doing had made such a strong connection with all of her students that we actually learned much more about biolagy from her than my peers from other schools.
And sometimes teachers just dont care - they are graded by their students’ academic sucesses somewhat. They will not be given promotions if students all have top grades, but will be “talked to” if they perform poorly. Such a feedback mechanism practically begs teacher sponsered cheating.
But yeah having a degree is way overvalued for historical reasons. Though companies have started to “wisen up” a bit not really accepting college degrees at face value as they previously did.
Obviously it may depend on the particular institution -- with new, for-profit, private universities (milking rich foreigners who've come to Prague for the beer and fun) having much worse reputation than the public venerable ones like the Charles University (est. 1348). Saying students are "expected" to plagiarise is simply insulting.
I know that in China, there's plenty of "under the table" IP "sharing" happening amongst tech companies too.
Soviet education and propaganda both nurtured collaboration over competition. “Individualsist” was definitely a bad label to have in my Soviet childhood. Egoism was and still is considered one of the worst qualities of all.
I feel that pre-Soviet fables and other lore had similar moral message.
Togetherness and group benefit are definitely valued higher than individual profit, needs of the many outweigh needs of the few and so on.