Having a bit of trouble on mobile, can someone tell me what an "episode of exercise" is? Does running a mile count? What about a walk/bike ride to work?
This title is deliberately misleading and does not reflect the actual title of the article: "Association of Exercise Preconditioning With Immediate Cardioprotection"
The title was (automatically) taken from the web page title defined by the journal itself. It seems to me to have substantially the same meaning as the article title.
No. An "association" is not a "benefit". It can suggest or even imply a benefit, but they are not the same thing. The former is the result of the study, the latter is misleading and incorrect.
I feel like I need a picture of Bart Simpson writing "correlation does not imply causation" on a blackboard to post on these occasions.
Now try reading the article. The authors argue for causation in many places, suggesting what they feel are plausible mechanisms. Again, the title is not deceptive, deliberately or otherwise.