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A high tax on garbage will only incent illegal disposal. Dumping stuff in ravines, on other people's property, etc.

Not necessarily, you could tax the production/sale of goods that usually contribute to garbage.

For example in Germany, it's mostly the producers of goods who have to pay for disposal of corresponding (packaging) waste, thereby creating an incentive to reduce packaging or rely on reusable bins etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)#German_dual...

I agree. Placing a greater burden on the side of the producers to deal with the trash they produce seems like the most logical approach to me. If X company wants to make something with a bunch of plastic packaging they will have to pay for the impact that will have. If they want that to eat into their profits, fine, but I think the more likely scenario is that that they will pass as much of that cost on to consumers as they can, ideally also driving down demand for those products.

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