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Wouldn't a while loop be a better option there?

From what I understand the point of a for over a while is that you will iterate for a certain known number of times. But if you aren't doing that (break) isn't the while a better option so you can encapsulate the break in the condition as opposed to random locations in the block.

Say you have 10,000 lines of text, and you want to find the index of the line that contains the 302nd 'U'. You could do this with a while loop, but in the process you would find yourself setting up an index and dutifully incrementing it by 1 to keep track of the line you're currently looking at. A for loop is simpler here.

Well I can't speak for JS, but I use folds with call/cc for this purpose in Scheme.

Are you saying you can't do the equivalent with FP?

Wouldn’t a filter() achieve the same result?

No, filter() still visits everything in the list, it just takes a predicate to decide if that item is added to a new list. some() or every() can be used for early termination though.