Facebook acquiring Instagram is a perfect example.
Facebook acquiring Instagram is a perfect example.
Google is a harder one though because Google doesn’t rely upon network effects to the same extreme FB does — meaning, my dad’s search engine choice has no impact on me — but my dad’s messaging client absolutely does.
It’s relatively easy to start a new search engine — it’s close to impossible to start a new general purpose messaging system or social network — at least not one that survives.
Edit: a consumer group could have monopsony powers and be capable of negotiating concessions. Such as an open api.
Consumers have boycotted products in the past. Consumer pressure has worked against Facebook in the past.
I agree that it is an unlikely and difficult solution. I don't see an easy one.