> wants me to verify against a phone number I no longer have.
I had the same. There's a good chance someone else has that number now - add them on WhatsApp/Facebook Messenger/etc by phone number, Google their number and try to find them, or call them.
In my case, I was able to recover the account by communicating with the new owner, and him quickly sending me the 2FA code he got from Google when I tried to log in.