Sometimes. The GeForce GTX 690 used the same chip as the Quadro K5000 (the GK104). More recent generations typically have different silicon (or bins with defective regions) in the pro and gaming lines. For instance, high end pascal gaming cards use GP104, but Tesla P100 uses the GP100.

For more details, see https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_proc... (Notably the "code name" columns).