Linux could actually store more, as could some custom programs for dos iirc - ms dos had some conservative standards in place due to early floppies being less reliable I think. I initially became aware because the Amiga floppy drive/format was a superset of dos. You could (with appropriate software) read/write dos floppies on the amiga - but you couldn't read/write amiga floppies on pc hw (not even Linux, I think).
See "logical formats":
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats