Would it be possible to simulate Conway's Game of Life inside Age of Empires 2??????
Anything is possible with a Turing Complete solution.
Even the solution for the halting problem?
maybe, maybe not. Who can tell?
well, since the halting problem is undecidable, then no.
One thing I still do not understand is how languages like Coq and Idris can almost always ensure that programs written in them terminate.
Yes. Conway's Game of Life is Turing-complete, so any Turing-complete system can simulate it.
In fact, simulating Conway's Game of Life (or Rule 110) in a system is often used as a proof that the system is Turing-complete.