We've built tools to get new team members spun up quickly on projects. Maybe an hour, if that?
First, a lot of our developers use our wp-local-docker [1] setup, which includes a lot of the tools we use daily for WordPress development, including Elasticsearch.
Then, we use WP Snapshots [2] to pull a "snapshot" of the project from a private S3 bucket. It's up to the lead developer on the project to keep it up to date by pushing a fresh snapshot up to S3.