> Jupyter presents a unique programming style
UNIQUE (!)
> But the difference between Jupyter and a REPL is that Jupyter is persistent. Code which I write in a REPL disappears along with my data when the REPL exits, but Jupyter notebooks hang around.
Sounds like a typical Mathematica notebook to me.
Macsyma (a Computer Algebra system written in Lisp) has had also Notebooks like that: https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~fateman/macsyma/docs/intro...
REPLs on Lisp systems have been persistent in Lisp images (not in notebook files and not transferable) since a very long time and some display text/graphics inline.