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I think what you are missing is that while any Turing complete system can solve the same problems as any other, not all programming languages have the same functionality. An easy example is that some languages are typed and some are untyped. Some have objects (Objective C) and some don't (C). Can you replicate the functionality of Objective C in C. Apparently not completely.

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But that is my point: if host language doesn't have feature X, you still can implement that feature yourself, can't you?

If host language is untyped, then write your own type system.

Another example: Java has no co-routines, has no continuations, but Kotlin (written in Java) does. They compile Kotlin code with co-routines into finite state machines in Java.

An object is just a struct with a well-known layout. What you cannot do with C is necessary to offer the same type guarantees.

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