If your phone is rooted, you can use e.g. Linux Deploy to install a full Linux distribution. Then, you can set up regular ol' OpenSSH, mount /sys and /data under the Linux chroot, and rsync as usual.
I use this method to rsync to btrfs snapshots (+ raw copies of non-filesystem partitions) to make daily incremental backups of the entire phone. (Restoring said backups is a bit more involved, but I verified it's doable.)