>If you do long distance running or cycling, at one extreme, it's obviously a no-go.
This isn't obvious to me. I don't run seriously, but I don't find that fasting has any adverse effect on my performance. If you are talking about running a marathon or something like that, then sure, but hardly anyone is doing exercise that intense multiple times a week, so you could still have fast days.
16 hours really isn't a very long time to go without food. Your body can cope with it fine, even if you're doing quite intense exercise.