The vector drawing program Ipe stores all its data in a PDF. So, you create a drawing, save it as a PDF and can later open the PDF again for editing. Text can be written in LaTeX format and the PDF will contain the LaTeX source for later editing.
Illustrator has been doing this for a long time. You can choose to “preserve editing capabilities” at save time. I assume it is similar for other vector drawing programs.
Ipe is fantastic. I used it for technical images in my thesis and papers and the graphics turn out beautifully despite the program being so simple.