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There were some people here in HN trying to solve this problem. Have a look at this one https://github.com/marcelinollano/mental-models

You don't have to remember them exactly, memorize them all, know them in order or whatever.

Just read about them, make some notes, try some of the ones you didn't know about, and so on. If you did found them useful, revisit over time.

If I could recommend one item from the list: the 80/20 principle.