Even with really quick exposures? I've taken pictures of the sun before (before, during, and after last year's eclipse) with my cell phone camera and it seemed fine.
Your cell phone camera has a wide angle lens. it's at the longer focal lengths where one might expect sensor damage, or even melt the curtains of shooting directly into the sun when high above horizon.
[0] https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2017/09/rental-camera-gear-...
I guess the answer will be "because it's cheaper to manufacture", but is there any other reason?