If you rely on such docker image then upgrade only after it is released.
The ability to test / CI that your library works properly?
The gap between developer tools and infrastructure support for them should be as small as possible this days. It's 2019.
This is why I have https://NewReleases.io configured to track both Go GitHub releases as well as golang image tags on Docker Hub.
We already have a reply to that in your case with the availability of the docker image.
In general, people do not rush into upgrading to a new release of any software because it's risky.
> There are already a lot of work and testing done on projects that depend on 1.12 features
The only reason I can think of is that you have a requirement to support TLS 1.3.
And there is no 'delay', as, surely, you plan based on the availability of everything you need (or build your own container image).
For example, compiling your program with a different version of Go can be done just by changing the tag on your compile command, and doesn't require that you have any development tools or compilers installed on your machine (except docker).
Also, when building a container with a Go binary, it's a great base to build from. You can use Docker Multistage Builds[1] to build your binary in the Go container, then copy it out into a minimal container all in the same Dockerfile.
[1]: https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/multistage-bu...