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Open notepad. Press a key over and over. If the key-press stops going to notepad then focus has been transferred/stolen. Firefox's Notification Permission dialog has this behavior within the browser.

For example go to Reddit or Facebook, start entering text, the notification permission dialog will appear, steal focus, and now your key-presses go into a black hole.

The whole concept of focus-theft is an anti-pattern. Interestingly one mobile operating systems originally designed out but has slowly been creeping back in.

Every time it happens, I feel like Charlie Brown trying to kick that football: https://peanuts.fandom.com/wiki/Football_gag

Steam also has this problem in Linux, though that's the only program I can think of. Opening Steam results in three different windows stealing focus in sequence for no other reason than to tell you that Steam is in the process of opening.

4 for me. Updating, logging in, the client, and the ads.

I removed it from my panel just so I'd stop waiting for these if I misclicked it.

Software on Linux is not always better. IntelliJ for example took focus two times on startup for a long time.