Tldr: nothing fundamental but WebStorm has a few features that the author likes that VS Code doesn't have.
For me the IDE is more like a text editor bundled with extra goodies. E.g. multi-window (thus multi display), more elaborated software hierarchy (not just for code editing) vs. a main panel as editor and side panels as auxiliaries, automatic window management like Eclipse perspectives (or in VS, when you debug, it switches to the different window layout).
It’s not black and white unless you go with nano or notepad.exe. You can also roll your own ide with tmux, i3 etc.
btw have you guys ever tried to hack gvim window handles into Visual Studio? :-)