Unsurprisingly, that was one of the many iOS 13 features announced by Apple at WWDC this year: the ability to silence all calls from unknown numbers, sending them directly to voicemail. I'm sure someone running the beta has investigated and published the full details of the feature beyond the sound bite announcement. E.g. is it possible to _categorically_ block these calls, not even sending to voicemail? I wouldn't use such a feature, but some people might.
FWIW, I recently took the measure of setting my default ringtone to a "silent" sound file, and setting vibration to "none". Then I reenabled those settings manually for known-IRL contacts. A hassle to do, but absolutely necessary given the uptick in phone spam.