Of course. It's no different than any other debt. In theory the provider can obtain a judgment against the patient and then ask the home country's court system to enforce it. But in practice this is so expensive, uncertain, and time consuming that most creditors will just write it off as bad debt.

I recently read about people with US student loan debt escaping from it by going abroad where their credit history wouldn't follow them and the loan companies would't be able to get wage garnishments. It's at least possible that this woman's father had no real incentive to pay the bill, making the GoFundMe triply redundant.