Zoom does not need CORS-headers to fix the vulnerability, rather make the web server running on localhost drop requests with wrong origin header.
Yes, the server can drop the request or return an error, but that's just half of it. If it wants the browser to accept the request, it has to explicitly say it by using the CORS headers.
I guess because we don't trust servers to do that, we need "don't allow by default, let the server opt-in" instead of "allow it by default, let the server opt-out", because too many servers would not opt out.
> Servers can also notify clients whether "credentials" (including Cookies and HTTP Authentication data) should be sent with requests.