Not sure if the green is original or added now to make the writings visible. To survive 2000 years that green, whatever it is, must be super-durable.
But in general, if you hit an iron rod with another pointy iron rod, you'll probably leave a mark. Do it many times, and you have an inscription. Probably took a lot of work though, so the guy who owned it probably was quite busy for some time... Maybe a long road from Rome to London :)