A) You can. The US government generates an itemized budget every year. It's several thousands of pages long, and usually the result of several large pieces of legislation. All of these are freely available online.

To a lesser extent, the states also generate itemized budgets. Most but not all of the state-level budget information is available online.

B) You can, to a lesser degree of detail, since non-profit tax returns are made available for public viewing by law. You can use Charity Navigator (fee required) or visit your nearest IRS office to view them. Many states also require non-profits above a certain size to make their financials available upon request.

You mean you can’t see where the money is going? If you know how much money you pay on different levels (local, national and so on) surely also those governments have itemized budgets? You can roughly say what amount you paid for different services then. Transfers between different levels of government could complicate it though.