so, is javascript an interpreted language? what about jits? ...or babel, for what is worth.

if languages are "compiled" why does both C and C++ (and also java etc...) need a "memory model"? bare physical address and real threads should be enough, no?

> Languages are a specification, and an implementation working together in perfect harmony, with absolutely no undefined behaviour at all, yes, keep walking now.

never talked about "quality" or "comprehensiveness" of the specs. Just that languages are specs, not implementations.

Yes, in the real world you will use gcc, and you will learn that you write some text stuff and it will transform to an executable for you.

Still, why don't you use the right terminology?

The problem is that, if a book slip on this -- so basic -- definition, how good can it be on the complex parts?