Somewhat interestingly, under the hood calibre seems to be a bunch of little tools, strung together by the UI:
Here's what's under calibre/bin
calibre
calibre-complete
calibre-customize
calibredb
calibre-debug
calibre-parallel
calibre_postinstall
calibre-server
calibre-smtp
cjpeg
ebook-convert
ebook-device
ebook-edit
ebook-meta
ebook-polish
ebook-viewer
fetch-ebook-metadata
jpegtran
JxrDecApp
lrf2lrs
lrfviewer
lrs2lrf
markdown-calibre
optipng
pdfinfo
pdftohtml
pdftoppm
web2disk
You can use many (possibly all) of these independently of the UI.