The `Save-Data` request header: https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/o...
For low data mode specifically, looks like you can easily get "allowsConstrainedNetworkAccess" from an iOS app [1], but don't see anything comparable available for Safari or Firefox.
[0] https://caniuse.com/#search=save-data [1] https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/712/
Edit: typo