Your aliases are generally sourced from your shell rc file (ie ~/.bashrc). Not sure how vim launches the shell to run ex shell commands but in the interest of portability it's probably just sh with no rc files loaded. This is probably configurable. Try :help shell or :help :! (I'm not at a terminal so not sure what you'll find)

By default, Bash, Zsh, and other shells don't source the shell config when started with -c (because it's considered a non-interactive session). For Bash & Zsh, you can force .bashrc/.zshrc to load by adding -i to 'shellcmdflag'.

I always start vim from within xterm (bashrc has already run and aliases are already set up). It just works. I can use :!ll (or ctrl-z and 'll' in the sub-shell) and it just works.

Not sure why it wouldn't for you.

I believe that vim sources env files rather than rc. For example, any aliases placed in my zshenv are available in vim but those in zshrc are not. I would imagine that applies to other shells as well.