I don't see anyone here mentioning this, so I will. CloudFlare supports PrivacyPass, a third-party, privacy-preserving way to do proof-of-work for websites. Basically, you do some small amount of CPU work and get 30 tickets your browser can transparently redeem for access to a site.
That's a pretty clever way to both deter bad actors and ensure legitimate users get uninterrupted access to websites.