'Dead Sea Scrolls' at museum turn out to be forgeries | Hacker News Reader

'Dead Sea Scrolls' at museum turn out to be forgeries

nationalgeographic.com

263 pointsdanso105 comments

As others have pointed out, the headline is much spicier than the story, which barely qualifies as news:

> On Friday, independent researchers funded by the Museum of the Bible announced that all 16 of the museum’s Dead Sea Scroll fragments are modern forgeries that duped outside collectors, the museum’s founder, and some of the world’s leading biblical scholars. Officials unveiled the findings at an academic conference hosted by the museum.

> “The Museum of the Bible is trying to be as transparent as possible,” says CEO Harry Hargrave. “We’re victims—we’re victims of misrepresentation, we’re victims of fraud.”

So a museum acquired some pieces it believed to be legitimate, but was concerned they may not be authentic, so it investigated, discovered the pieces were fake, and is now informing the world. Sounds like reasonable people who did the right thing.

The headline is: "'Dead Sea Scrolls' at the Museum of the Bible are all forgeries"

Your quoted excerpt says: "independent researchers funded by the Museum of the Bible announced that all 16 of the museum’s Dead Sea Scroll fragments are modern forgeries that duped outside collectors, the museum’s founder, and some of the world’s leading biblical scholars"

What is it that you think the headline should say?

"Museum of the Bible determine that all of their Dead Sea Scrolls are forgeries"

A third party made the finding, so if we are being making pedantic alteration to the headline, shouldn’t we avoid this inaccuracy?

Museum of the Bible discovers it's Dead Sea Scrolls fragments are all forgeries

The important difference is the implication in the headline needs to be that the Museum is discovering this instead of the Museum defrauding people

Didn't a third party make the discovery? Doesn't sound very accurate that way.

The headline does not imply anyone being defrauded by the Museum to me.

But they hired the 3rd party so they get the credit.

The headline is fine. Reading it in the spirit of "the museum is defrauding people and we found out about it" is extremely uncharitable and nitpicky.

Sure, I guess I automatically interpret the connotation of "forgeries" and a museum as referring to a museum being the defrauded, since they typically are either given or acquiring exhibits, and less often are selling/trading them.

The original headline read something more like “museum discovers all Dead Sea scroll fragments are forgeries,” which I read and initially thought “really? The Dead Sea scrolls are fake?” Then I read the article and realized it was only about a few fragments in some museum in DC, which I had never even heard of. So to me, the headline was much spicier than the article. It had grammatical ambiguity that I thought was a little misleading.

I think it's worth noting that MOST Christian relics are obviously fakes, made to attract tourists and take their money. It's practically the same thing with fake Dead Sea Scrolls.

The, "Museum" of the Bible is meant to evangelize, not to educate. Give me a break about victimization.

If you're referring to relics in the Catholic sense of the remains or possessions of canonized saints being "fake" then there's probably an element of truth to many (most? not sure...) in that they likely were at a time fabricated. However, this core belief in them being real and the history surrounding them still makes them historically significant so it's hard to understand what value there is in claiming them as fake in this context. Is the Shroud of Turin the real shroud used to wrap Jesus at his burial? Pretty much certainly not. That said, it is still clearly historically significant.

Now, if more broadly you are referring to relics in the generic sense of objects of historical importance surviving from times long ago, then it seems obvious that most Christian relics are NOT fakes. Christianity has a long, deep history that has influenced the creation of massive amounts of art, literature, architecture, pottery, etc.

>Is the Shroud of Turin the real shroud used to wrap Jesus at his burial? Pretty much certainly not. That said, it is still clearly historically significant.

Clearly it is not something worthy of a museum then. A fake thing being old doesn't make it historically significant for a museum. A church, maybe.

Relics are important for understanding the medieval period's interwoven trade and pilgrimage.

No relics? less travel? Slower "flatten the curve" back plague? Smaller renaissance? Weaker atheism today? :O

No one said fake + old = museum worthy. There's far more to the Shroud of Turin's history that makes it museum worthy.

Christianity has a long, deep history that has influenced the creation of massive amounts of art, literature, architecture, pottery, etc.

Unfortunately I tend to focus on the atrocities that have happened in history in the name of the religion itself. Perhaps that would make a good topic to build a museum about.

The value in pointing out their fakeness is to make sure people don't get misled about their realness. People are still trying hard to prove the Shroud of Turin real [1], and until that's a dead argument, we should always be clear about the truth.

I do agree that it's worth keeping the fakes, though. If the Museum of The Bible were bigger on "museum" than "bible" this would be a great centerpiece for an exhibit on the long history of profitable religious forgeries.

[1] https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/researchers-hung-men...

It's a little known fact, but the altar in every Catholic church contains relics of a saint. But almost all of them contain relics from relatively modern saints, not the bones of St. Peter or something.

The relics business is way more organized than I thought. There are technically three classes of relics, first (actual remnant of a saint), second (remnant of object belonging to saint) or third (touched a first class relic or a saint’s tomb) [1]. So technically it’s always possible to manufacture more relics.

[1] https://m.ncregister.com/blog/smcafee/i-made-a-third-class-r...

> "Depending on what you read, there were eight, twelve, fourteen, or even 18 different holy foreskins in various European towns during the Middle Ages."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Prepuce#Traffic_in_relics

Funny anecdote. Middle age conmen.

I don't know much about them but their wikipedia page states:

> The museum says it is nonsectarian, non-political, and that it does not proselytize.[4][5] The former president of the museum, Cary Summers, said the goal was to "reacquaint the world with the book that helped make it, and let the visitor come to their own conclusions. ... We don't exist to tell people what to believe about it".[5]

Does it pass any sniff test that they've built a $500 million museum about, "The Bible" in the shadow of the Capitol b/c of the goodness of the heart?

Like, they're just really that into the Bible? It's not like it's out of print; that it needs to be reacquainted with.

In what way/shape/form does The Bible have any geographical relevance to Washington D.C.?

Your theory is that people are always honest about their motives? The guy behind this is the world's largest benefactor to evangelical causes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2012/09/18/david-g...

I read it as very much a move in the culture war. It's not a museum about religious texts in general. It's very much a sectarian enterprise, whatever the PR people write.

I'm not so sure that "reasonable people who did the right thing" is an accurate characterization. The Museum of the Bible has a lot of controversy regarding their acquisition of artifacts. The company paid a large fine for trying to acquire materials looted from Iraq. Their cover-up obfuscated the origins of the material, reducing its value to archaeology by destroying context.

They put these artifacts in their catalog; it was outside researchers who declared them forgeries. How many other pieces in their catalog are also forgeries, but don't have sufficiently high profile to be forced to check their acquisition?

So I'm dubious when they claim victimhood. Scholars only want the material because of its context. The lack of context was the first clue to outsiders that they were in fact forgeries. Why didn't they know?

They seem to want to acquire these objects more as trophies than as scholarship, and are willing to cut corners on provenance to achieve that. They present themselves as scholars but act more like a cross between treasure hunters and religious fanatics.

They were trying to cover up attempts at acquiring legitimate artifacts? Seems like OP is right; they are trying to acquire legitimate materials and that it is most likely they got duped.

Wikipedia has an entry for it:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Lobby_smuggling_scandal

If this were a one-off thing, this might indeed be a non-story. But it fits a pattern of them putting collecting over scholarship. It casts doubt on their entire catalog, and makes it look as if they fund conferences as a fig leaf to grant them unearned scholarly authority. It may not mean anything to techies at Hacker News, but within the circles of archeology and biblical study, it's a warning that people should reconsider their relationship to the museum.

I'm familiar with the scandal. I'm just saying that it points more toward the museum having been actually duped. They are clearly interested in getting genuine artifacts given the lengths they are willing to go to obscure shady provenance.

> scandal

Scandals - numerous. Buying dubious pieces that have been stolen or faked shouldn’t be taken as a good thing. This logic isn’t applied to real museums luckily.

It's a practice real museums have mostly stopped. There's enormous controversy about what they should do with their existing ill-gotten gains -- most prominently the Parthenon Marbles in the UK, but that's just the lid on a massive can of worms. (There are rumors that Greece will hold up any trade deal the UK wants to make with the EU until they give the pieces back, and expect all hell to break loose in the museum world after that.)

The Bible Museum reflects a cultural attitude the celebrates the imperial age, when rich countries just took what they wanted from poor ones. There are a lot of people in those rich countries who want that back.

Ah, I see. That makes sense.

I see their willingness to accept artifacts of dubious provenance as part of an overall pattern of having things other than scholarship at the top of their agenda. But yes, I do think they'd prefer genuine artifacts when available -- even if that destroys provenance information.

If they cared more about provenance, they'd be less likely to be duped, and it makes it hard for me to see them as purely a victim.

> If they cared more about provenance, they'd be less likely to be duped, and it makes it hard for me to see them as purely a victim.

Fair point. I don't doubt their propensity to be duped is rather high due to self-imposed biases.

If scholarship was at the top of their agenda... they wouldn't be a Bible Museum.

This Museum literally shows people how the Earth is 6,000 years old and people interacting with Dinosaurs.

Edit:

I mistakenly confused The Bible Museum and The Creation Museum. In my shame, I am committing to leave the original comment unedited, so that it can receive all the down voting it deserves.

I think you're thinking of the Creation Museum, in Kentucky. That's a whole different travesty.

The Museum of the Bible is located in Washington, DC, not far from the Smithsonian. On the surface it's a much less flashy and overtly religious institution. It presents the Bible as a piece of world history in an archeological context, supported by scholarship. It doesn't muck about with creationism. It's rather respectable.

Underneath that are more subtle problems. It's funded by the same religious zealots who would not allow their employees' health care to cover birth control (and took it to the Supreme Court, where they won). There's a subtle underlying tone pushing American-style evangelical Protestantism -- one that could easily be overlooked, except that incidents like this one imply that there's an element of religious imperialism going on as well.

So they are funding and supporting genuine scholarship, and are not at all obvious wackadoodles like the Creation Museum. But nonetheless scholarship may take a back seat to a religious agenda, one that has been a rather pernicious force in the US -- including leading to things like the Creation Museum.

You are right. My apologies for the mixup and thanks for the clarification.

> If scholarship was at the top of their agenda... they wouldn't be a Bible Museum.

Yes, because the Bible has never had an impact on the arc of humanity.

I get it. It's easy and fun to dunk on certain sects of Christians for their demonstrably false beliefs. However, this isn't the Creation Museum. While I haven't been to The Museum of the Bible or The Creation Museum, I have found absolutely nothing that supports that The Museum of the Bible pushes creationism (https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/17/16658504/bible-mus...). This museum's focus is on the history of the Bible, widely known as the most printed book of all time. The Bible upon whose basis 100s of millions or even billions of people order their systems of moral belief. To suggest that there can be no real scholarship about the Bible is to shove your head in the sand and pretend Christianity has had no impact on society.

Yes, but one project of the Bible Museum is an explicitly religious one: to prove that the wording of the Bible has stayed constant, as evidence that its preservation has been inspired by God, and the text of the Bible should be therefore taken as inerrant.

https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/17/16658504/bible-mus...

I'm not sure I follow. Suppose that actual genuineness is a lower priority than having something exciting to display while not getting caught with fakes. In that case a murky acquisition pipeline is still a benefit, in that the obscurity makes it harder to prove the fraud.

This is of course a pretty common behavior in corporate America. Look at the number of executives during the financial crisis who suddenly went from, "We are financial geniuses, deserving of great power and greater compensation," to, "We were innocent victims who could not possibly have known what was going on in the companies we control utterly." Plausible deniability lets the powerful claim credit for the successes and deny responsibility for the failures.

> Plausible deniability lets the powerful claim credit for the successes and deny responsibility for the failures.

Except that whole racket in your financial industry analogy depended entirely on a 3rd party (ie, a government packed with their buddies from private school) to tip the scales in their favour, on either end, for it to actually work.

There's no third party being corrupted to give credibility to the museum here, they can't really just give credibility to themselves like that - just as the bankers couldn't bail themselves out, when they otherwise were faced with devastating and long-term financial consequences for their behaviour (ie, the appropriate response or natural outcome).

A museums reputation matters and events like this directly affect it... which is why we have major news stories and Wikipedia articles about it.

I don't think it's helpful to shame them for engaging with the scholarly community, or to shame them for attempting to be good merely because of past behaviour (which is far too common practice today on social media, as if people and organizations can't become better or more responsible, and are forever just evil like in movies).

It sounds like the natural corrections processes were already working here... they got pressured from the sources of credibility (scholars, media, etc) which was influenced because of prior bad acts where they lost reputation already. If they attempted to corrupt those sources instead of engaging with them I'd be more concerned. But really there's not much here, especially given the negative spin in the article, which is what the OP was critiquing. The end result was bad-for-business PR and they probably paid millions for stuff they can't now use in their museum, sounds alright to me, things are working... I also doubt they'll be as trusting next time.

I don't think you're correct about the 2008 crisis. But even if you're right, my point is broader than that. Plenty of executives play a heads-I-win-tails-you-lose game, with plausible deniability as part of that. Look at almost any industry with significant negative externalities.

And of course the museum can give itself credibility. Just by opening as a museum, for a start. But also by striving to appear credible to the million or so visitors who pay $20/head to tour it each year. And museums always perform respectableness for donors.

Events like this do somewhat subtract from that, of course. But only if they get caught. That could be an incentive toward better scholarship. But it also could be an incentive toward higher-quality, more difficult to discover fakes.

Genuine question, what is the overlap of archeology and biblical studies?

> “Honestly, I’ve never worked with a museum that was so up-front,” Loll says.

It doesn't sound like they were trying to hide anything.

They clearly did hide things with their previous scandal about smuggled Iraqi artifacts. In this case it was less about hiding things and more about their desire to acquire showy artifacts being more important than authenticity or scholarship.

There isn't a ton of evidence that they weren't just naive with the Iraqi scandal. Also, they seem to have changed a lot for the better as explained by the last section of the article.

They seem to be handling what have clearly been a great number of serious consequences due to previous mistakes, and sure, maybe initial greediness, with great integrity now.

I quoted some of the article that points this out lower in the comments as well.

They’d already been very[1] publicly[2] caught out on housing likely forgeries. That Nova documentary says (I believe verbatim) that some of the fragments they bought were “too good to be true”, one particular example I recall was a few lines that are often quoted together but quite far apart with significant context in between, that somehow ended up on the same fragment. Overall the documentary makes a compelling case that the forgers started small but evolved into targeting groups who were unreasonably gullible. Given the Museum of the Bible’s history of being unscrupulous historians I think they have it coming rather than being victims.

[1]2019 November https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/dead-sea-scroll-detectiv...

[2]2018 October https://www.livescience.com/63895-dead-sea-scroll-fakes.html

While the museum - or just its main sponsors - have acted badly in other cases, this does not seem to be so here. On the other hand, an entity that conducts shady business is an attractive target for a con artist, who may be able to exploit its willingness to look the other way in duping it.

That is a generous interpretation. The museum didn't acquire them, they were founding artifacts of the museum. Serious scholars had already questioned their authenticity before the museum even opened, but it doesn't matter because the whole operation is just a huge grift by the Hobby Lobby billionaires to offload some worthless junk in exchange for a large income tax deduction.

It has been dirty all the way down. The saga of the Oxford professor Dirk Obbink seemingly selling off university documents to them (Via Hobby Libby) is still as murky as ever.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/europe/oxford-profe...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/16/mystery-deepens-...

The Guardian has a great article about it: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/jan/09/a-scandal-in-ox...

I wonder what fraudulent items being used for a charitable tax deduction can cause to future tax balances - will their income offset be counted as a debt for next years' taxes?

> Sounds like reasonable people who did the right thing.

In isolation, maybe? But this isn’t the only scam that’s slowly playing out. Oxford and Professor Obbink is slowly playing out. The illegal importing of Iraqi items and the fakes they had on display when they opened are other examples. At the time (2017) they claimed to be victims, had learned, were moving on etc. How long is the grace period? It’s sleazy at best.

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/museum-bible-faces-revelatio...

That’s interesting. I’d never heard of this place before and wasn’t aware of their history. Thanks for sharing.

Note that this says nothing about the Dead Sea Scrolls in general, which are absolutely real, and mostly in the custody of the State of Israel: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls

Yeah, as an Israeli I saw this and was shocked since the Israel museum's collection is a pretty big deal here and a family member helped excavate the dead sea site and wrote a book above it (he has since passed) but forgery seemed very unlikely.

I don’t keep up on what apparently seems to be issues with the museum, but this was what drew my eye: if all dead sea scrolls were forgeries that would shake the foundation of [Abrahamic] theology.

I doubt it. The stories would persist even if one set of written copies were cast into doubt. They have been more or less in their present-day form since long before the dead sea scrolls were discovered. That span of time and space has attracted hucksters and forgers for centuries, and theology has carried on.

No, I think you’re right. After your comment I did some research and I had grossly overestimated the importance of the dead sea scrolls. I had no idea the silver scrolls existed until a couple hours ago.

No, that wouldn't be so. The Dead Sea Scrolls refer specifically to those found in the Qumran caves, believed to be the writings of one particular enclave of Jewish settlers near the Dead Sea. They're not foundational texts by any means, as I understand them. They add detail to existing texts — some of the fragments are clearly different versions of well-known texts — and add to our understanding of Jewish culture in Palestine at the time. It's true that they're some of the oldest texts we have from the Old Testament.

Thank you, it seems I need to clean up my knowledge around the dead sea scrolls! I had thought that they were the only record of the bible being that old, but that’s from a Christian upbringing, not scholarly research. I appreciate your taking the time to share the info, as well as extending the kindness in the last sentence.

Interesting, but over-sensationalized. To quote the article, "Even before the new report, some scholars believed that most to all of the post-2002 fragments were modern fakes."

The headline uses the word "all", but is talking about 0.0002 of the dead sea scrolls. "at the Museum of the Bible" is a bigger qualification that it initially appears.

'all' of the ones at the museum is a correct statement isn't it?

Technically correct, but irresponsible

Ok, we've attempted to take some of the sensation out of the title above.

There was a good NOVA (or maybe Secrets of the Dead) episode on PBS that noted how there were a bunch of supposed dead sea scroll fragments that came onto the market that in many cases ... found buyers who just happened to be interested in the the text that were on the fragments.

The market of private dealers working with secret sellers and buyers is very opaque and the middle men seem to pride themselves on secrecy more than authenticity and seem a lot like scam artists of their own.

Yeah, I saw this. They were specifically talking to experts at the Museum of the Bible. Good episode indeed.

As several people quoted in the article mention, it is wonderful to see a museum being so upfront and truthful about their artifacts. It seems to be a much better situation because of it, especially when compared with something like the "Jesus' Wife" fragment. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/07/the-unb...

These are the same people who imported looted Iraqi tablets.

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/07/05/535698988...

Yep, and this makes me feel more like they actually may have just been really naive when it came to that case. Naivete is no excuse, of course, for what happened there.

They have had this sort of thing happen since before they opened. They claim to be victims etc each time and it’s many times now.

Yes, all of this is explained in the article. They've been really open about it each time. They haven't really been making the same mistakes each time and they have been working more and more with experts who seem to be running things very well.

From the article:

'The museum is also reevaluating the provenance of all the material in its collection, and it is prepared to return any stolen artifacts to their rightful owners. In 2018, the Museum of the Bible determined that a manuscript in its collection sold several times beforehand had in fact been stolen from the University of Athens in 1991. The museum promptly returned the artifact to Greece.

'Christopher Rollston, a specialist on Semitic texts at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., welcomes the effort to set things right. “The Museum of the Bible did some really bad things eight to 10 years ago, and they were rightly criticized severely,” he says. “I believe that they’ve made a number of attempts in recent years to right the ship.'

Saying “8 to ten years ago” in 2018 seems to be suggesting that this is an historic issue ending in 2008-2010 that has been fixed. The latest public story is of items of dubiously origin from Oxford over some years up to 2015, and the saga has been playing out publicly for some time. This isn’t something that happened in the distant past as that last quote makes out. What about the Oxford story is ‘open’? The story mentions investigations from Indian, US, UK, Egyptian and Iraqi authorities. That’s quite a list.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/16/mystery-deepens-...

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/europe/oxford-profe...

The Dead Sea Scrolls in Israel are real. The ones in one museum in America were forges.

Why do you think that?

No one doubts the authenticity of the scrolls in the Shrine of the Book in Israel. They have undergone detailed radiocarbon and paleographic dating.

Because the ones in Israel is real...

>The Dead Sea Scrolls in Israel are real

Has it been confirmed by (non-israli/non-american/non-jewish) scientists?

Yes. Some of the original work was done in (pre-occupation) East Jerusalem, and a good chunk of the fragments are in Jordan today.

A lot of the early work was done by Americans, but that's more because it was the immediate post-war period and that's who had money and access at the time; if they were found any earlier it would have likely been Brits taking the initial look.

There is a cottage industry in the world of archeology where people find things and then pretend they're related to biblical stories. Even otherwise honest archeologists play this game, since saying that "this is a building from the time of Solomon" has a very different perceived meaning than saying "this is a structure built by unknown people living 2600 years ago".

I’m reminded of this:

https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mexican-museums-artifacts-...

> The report found that only 83 of 2,000—or just over four percent—of the museum's pre-Columbian artifacts could be authenticated.

When the Museum of the Bible, which is funded by Hobby Lobby, was created, they went on a huge, decade-long spending spree, buying up Christian artifacts all over the world. This created so much increased demand that sellers worldwide jacked up their prices, and it also created an opportunity for forgeries and outright theft. The Guardian has a fascinating article about it that focuses on Dirk Obbink, an American papyrus scholar at Oxford University who seems to have been selling papyrus fragments from the collection he was supposed to be cataloguing.

[1] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/jan/09/a-scandal-in-ox...

I want to know the entire story of how they were forged. Artistic forgeries are among the most interesting and elegant crimes.

Eric Hebborn is a brilliant example:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hebborn

Another example is Konrad Kajau, of Hitler’s Diaries fame. I may be mangling the quote but I recall is as being something like “Fake? Real? There are efficient documents and inefficient document.”

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Kujau

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Diaries

Book called Numismatic Forgery is absolutely brilliant. Talks about how different coins can be forged depending on era, how making technique should match the original coin (ancient coin dies were hand engraved, so should the modern forgery). Some coin forgeries are made from remelted coins of same era but of lesser value, so that metal would match etc.

At the time, the family was embarking on an ambitious new project: the Museum of the Bible, which opened in Washington DC in 2017... Items for the Green collection were bought by Hobby Lobby, then donated to the museum, bringing a substantial tax write-off.

These rich people, they really are all the same.

Obviously these must be fake as SEELE hoarded all the real dead sea scrolls for the human instrumentality project

And they wouldn't want to know what's really on them as well

For some reason, god does not seem to like written history or reliable historic accounts.

As soon as writing is introduced in a culture, all the fantastic miracles and revelations stop, or become much more moderate.

Somehow you go from gigantic columns of fire descending from the sky, to simple healing miracles that can be faked and are faked routinely in modern times as well. A magician trick could qualify as a miracle in biblical times.

No more prophets either. Before, prophets appeared every few generations. But now, it has been thousands of years since the last prophet appeared.

Some of the more cryptic stuff can also be explained: hallucinations. There were no people in ancient times to diagnose disorders like schizophrenia and drug use was not punishable by law. And even if they decided to punish drug use they did not have the means to identify illicit substances.

All that, plus contradictions with science, makes me think these scriptures are simply a collection of folkloric legends.

This does not prove a god does not exist.

Having seen incredible miracles, aswell as even surprizing prophecies come true multiple times...

Which includes things falling from the sky -- at the exact time of praying for them

For instance seeing a refugee camp catch fire, and so prayed for rain in the desert, etc, etc

-- Which gives me at least, hope for a different conclusion :)

Edit: no comment on the Hobby Lobby, I don't know anything particular about them

You are free to believe whatever you want, or participate of your culture as much as you want.

But I strongly suggest you to document these miracles as you presence them to help others support your views.

Thanks. Sure!

Just thinking of some modern writing inline with what the previous poster mentioned, such as:

http://sirisofcalifornia.com/168833-books-jackie-pullinger.h... (epub/pdf/txt)

Note that I've met that person, and been to those places. They take heroin addicts and convicts -- about 20 to 30 in one building; they live 24-7 together, without previously knowing each other, for 3 months -- and come off heroin or other drugs in that time. What was cool was getting to see that, and see how peacefully they live together, even given their background

Addendum: Loads more, sorry I haven't met these authors tho

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1022866.Run_Baby_Run

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDKLYFYc40Q (I like this guy)

To me, the miracles I care about are not unusual and paranormal phenomenons, but simply what is around us: life.

Life is a miracle of nature.

To me, the feeding of the 5000 and the resurrection are no less spectacular than the column of fire.

If you look at the whole Bible there is a spike in spectacular miracles around the Exodus but before and after that, there aren't many spectacular miracles at all --- until Jesus. A tailing-off trend over time doesn't fit the data.

This is because the Old and New Testaments have distinct authors. We can divide the Bible up into chunks. Let's start by splitting Old from New, but also splitting the Pentateuch from the rest, and also separating the Epistles, as well as John and Revelations.

Now, let's go back-to-front. The Pentateuch is set in mythic times. It covers an invented history that includes features of myths of surrounding lands, like Great Floods [0]. The main feature, the Exodus, is set around 1200 BCE, and is a grave distortion of actual geopolitics around the time; in brief, the Egyptians conquered Caanan [1][2] around this time, occupying it until the Bronze Age Collapse. The occupying pharaoh, his capturing of Caananite princes, and his military presence created a long-lasting mythic impact.

Civilization needs a few centuries to rediscover how to read and write after the Bronze Age Collapse. During this time, records are lost, and stories are shared orally. By the 900s BCE, when historical records start to even remotely corroborate Bible stories, the Northern and Southern Kingdoms of Israel start to manifest. We don't know how many of the stories are true, but we suspect that many of them have some sort of historical roots, while simultaneously being exaggerated to fit fresh new nationalist themes. For example, stories of Joshua are highly exaggerated; the Jericho campaign took place not in the 700s BCE, but closer to 1500s BCE, and was carried out by Egyptians [3]. This sort of politicized editing of the Bible seems to have been present from the beginning of its editing [4][5].

And what else is happening? Conquest. Some guy from further north named Alex shows up and conquers a bunch, but then he gets a cough and dies. Another guy named Jules shows up and conquers a bunch too, but then he gets politically backstabbed. There's a gap of about half a millennium in the actual historical record, at this point, in terms of miracles.

In fact, now that we've reached the New Testament, it's worth reflecting: Who's writing this thing, anyway? It's no longer priestly Hebrew scholars, but Hellenistic Greek scholars [6][7] doing the writing, and they're sharing all of their sources so that their words will line up. In their painstaking work, they clearly show that they are intentionally quoting from the Greek version of the Old Testament, the Septuagint, famously mistranslating "virgin" and leading to a hilarious misunderstanding [8]. The Epistles, those are real enough, and there were folks traveling and preaching. The miracles, though, harder to tell.

Finally, we get to John and Revelations. Nobody's sure what's up with John. Revelations is clearly incoherent, although pretty. It is flabbergasting that these are the two books that seem to support folks' beliefs so often.

Hope this helped you look at the whole Bible.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace...

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jericho

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_stu...

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomist

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_source

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint

This reconstruction still doesn't support the contention that literacy causes fantastic miracles to dry up.

I am curious how they passed so many experts. Surely the scrolls themselves were carbon dated - does that mean the forgers got actually period correct parchment and ink?

The article states:

> In a report spanning more than 200 pages, a team of researchers led by art fraud investigator Colette Loll found that while the pieces are probably made of ancient leather, they were inked in modern times and modified to resemble real Dead Sea Scrolls.

Editing "of the Bible" out of the original headline makes this HN post clickbait.

Ran into the "paywall", but yeah, sadly, forgery has grown into a very large problem in the archaeological world. Lots of debate and controversy over how best to address it. We can't simply disregard all unprovenanced finds, as some seem to propose. Many of the most significant archaeological discoveries ever made are unprovenanced.

This museum in particular seems especially prone to buying stolen or faked items, though.

Which is very unfortunate. Thankfully they are upfront about the research they do and its results. Hopefully they can continue to exist as we need more institutions with that integrity.

Makes sense. Private/smaller collectors are probably much more likely to end up with fake items. Having said that, large, institutional museums do end up with fake items occasionally as well, sometimes displaying them for years before determining that they are fakes and removing them.

Nobody's easier to fool than true believers.

Just enter a bogus email and you will be able to read the rest of the article.

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